Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up

Title desoxyribonucleic acid analysis head a) Isolate and Purify Bacterial Chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid from a strain of E. coli b) Visualization of breastwork fragments by Agarose Gel electrophoresis Objectives * to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid from a strain of E. coli * to dismember and identify desoxyribonucleic acid by use of a spectro-photometer * to use restriction enzymes to cleave desoxyribonucleic acid into fragments * to jut the restriction fragments by gel electrophoresis * to comp ar the dissimilar DNA fragments generated by use of molecular markersAbstract This work describes a lysis method for the isolation and purification of bacterial genomic DNA and visualization of the restriction fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was noted that for one to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA several move atomic number 18 taken into consideration. DNA was found to absorb at 260nm wavelength in a UV spectrophotometer . rampart enzymes were added to cleave DNA which would produce various DNA fragments. DNA merchant shipister be crumbled into different sized fragments by gel electrophoresis.The bacterial DNA was successfully isolated and purified however it could not be observed after locomotening the gel. DNA analysis is a standard pract drinking glass for defining authorship or maternity, predisposition to disease, embryonic health and criminal guilty. But in our context, DNA analysis is generally used for predisposition of diseases in bacteria. Bacteria are pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases including cholera, syphilis, anthrax and leprosy. The some common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections such as tuberculosis (Barnum S.R 1998). Nucleic acids encode reading relating to cell structure and function. Cells rescue the ability to make copies of their DNA and pass this information to daughter cells. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotid es are composed of ribose (a 5 carbon) sugar and either a purine and pyrimidine base at 1 position. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T) and Uracil (U). Uracil is only found in RNA and thymine is only found in DNA (Wiser M. F 2002).Isolation of nucleic acid three major types of techniques are employed in the isolation of nucleic acids differential solubility, absorption methods or density gradient centrifugation. The quality of method will depend on the type of DNA being isolated and the application. A major goal of nucleic acid isolation is the removal of proteins. The separation of nucleic acids from proteins is generally accomplished pay suitable to their different chemical properties. In particular, the richlyly charged phosphate backbone makes the nucleic acids rather hydrophilic as compared to proteins which are much hydrophobic (Allison L.A 2012). Spectrophotometry is a versatile analytical tool. The u nderlying principle of spectrophotometry is to shine light on a sample and to analyze how the sample affects the light. DNA absorbs light at a wavelength of nearly 260nm (Stryer 2006). Centrifugation is a functioning that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. Separation is based size, shape and density. It utilizes density difference betwixt the particles/macro particles and the medium in which these are dispersed (Gupta P. K 2006).Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields. A buffer is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid. Its pH changes really little when a petty(a) amount of steady acid or base is added to it and thus it is used to prevent any change in the pH of a solution (Cowan M. K 2009). Electrophoresis is a diverse technique of separation used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids that differ in size, charge or conformation by an voltaic current (Stryer L. 2006). Gel electrophoresis refers to using a gel as an ant convective medium and or sieving medium during electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is most commonly used for separation of biological macromolecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein however, gel electrophoresis can be used for separation of nanoparticles. Materials use * Luria Broth medium * SET polisher * tenner Buffer * Choloroform/isoamyl alcohol. 241 mixture * phenylic acid/ chloroform 11 (Buffer saturated phenol) * Ethanol (95%) stored at -20? * Na Acetate * NaCl 5M sterilized by autoclaving Sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) 26% (w/v) * Bacteria cells * Plastic test tubes * Glass rods * Wide bore pipette * methamphetamine bath * Centrifuge * Ethidium bromide * Agarose * TBE buffer Methodology Each group carried prohibited the side by side(p) procedures utilise twain 50ml sterile plastic tubes, harvested cells by centrifugation for 10 min 4C. Combined pellets to give approximately 1g wet cloging of cells. Washed the pellet, re-suspended it in 20ml Ten buffer by gentle vortexing. Harvested the cells again as described above. Re suspended the cells in 10ml of Set buffer and let them sit on ice for 5min.Added 1000L of lysozyme and incubated at 37? for 30 min. Divided the cell suspension into two in separate sterile 50ml tubes. Added 5 ml Ten Buffer and 500l of SDS. gently mixed the tubes by inverting them until lysis occurred. To each tube added 1ml 5M NaCl and an come to volume of buffer saturated phenol. The tubes were inverted work the mixture was emulsified. Separated the phases by centrifugation for 10min at 40C. Recovered the upper aqueous phase using a wide bore pipette. When retaining the aqueous phase the pellicle at the interface was avoided. Repeated the extraction until the interface was clear.Added an equal volume of chloroform and extract residual protein a s described above. Transferred the upper aqueous phases from both tubes to a 100ml beaker. Set them on ice and added 1/10th volume 3M Na ethanoate. Precipitate the DNA by addition of 2 volumes of ice cold 95% ethanol. Mixed thoroughly and allow it to stand for virtually 5min on ice for the DNA to precipitate. Spooled the DNA out of solution on a glass rod, dipped it into a tube of 95% ethanol and re-suspended in 10ml Ten Buffer. Left to dissolve overnight at 4C B) Gel electrophoresis The gel was prepared by melting 1. 6g of agarose plus 200ml of 0. x TBE buffer. Swirled the mixture and allowed it to cool to 55?. Added 10? l ethiduim disgrace Loaded the gel in the following order 1. Undigested pBSK 2. pBSK + digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 3. Undigested DNA from a blue colony 4. DNA from a blue colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 5. Undigested DNA from a white colony 6. DNA from a white colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba1 7. Lambda Hind III molecular weight markers After loading the gel it was run at 100 volts for 2 hours. Results We managed to precipitate DNA out of the Bacterial cells. DNA was bring inn a small white like fragments.However we could not spool the DNA out of solution using glass rods due to fact that DNA is a fragile compound hence when we twisted / spooled for DNA we destroyed the DNA strands cutting them into smaller fragments. The following day, analysis of the DNA sample in a spectrophotometer was carried out. It was found that DNA absorbed a specific wavelength of 260nm. This proved the presence of DNA in the sample. Our sample was digested by restriction enzymes and labeled the DNA fragments with an identification dye and ran them on the Gel electrophoresis together with molecular weight markers.After running the gel no observeable bands of different band fragments were observed. Only the molecular weight markers bands were observed. Discussion The TEN and SET buffer were used to lyse the cells. They are good buffering agent, which solubilizes the DNA, while protecting it from degradation. Eluting and storing the DNA in TBE Buffer is doful if the EDTA does not affect the downstream applications. EDTA chelates or binds to Mg2+ ions present in purified DNA and can help inhibit possible contaminating nuclease activity (Cowan M. K 2009).Balancing of test tubes before centrifugation in order for the centrifugation dish up to be effective to create centrifugal field that results in maximum separation of cell components. fit in to Wiser M. F 2002, DNA is very insoluble in ethanol and isopropanol, but both alcohols are very water soluble. Thus, it will dissolve in water to form a solution and cause the DNA in the solution to aggregate and precipitate out. Isopropanol is often better to use because it has greater forte in precipitating the DNA and thus lower concentration is required. This is advantageous because it will take little time for the isopropyl alcohol to evaporate.Salts such as sodium chloride and ammo nium acetate remove histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins terminal point to the DNA. As soon as 95% ethanol was added after sodium acetate for DNA precipitation, the all solution turned cloudy with a lot of white precipitate, precipitating down. According to Allison L. A, 2012 sodium acetate which is negatively charged and low pH was used which contributes to charging positively the DNA. A combination of this plus high salt molarity enhances formation of aggregates of DNA and facilitates the pelleting procedure. Chloroform isoamyl-alcohol is a type of detergent.It binds to protein and lipids of cell membrane and dissolves them. By this it disrupted the bonds that hold the cell membrane together and cause it to shockdown. It then forms complexes with these lipids and proteins, causing them to precipitate out of solution (Besty T and Keogh J 2005). This reduced chance of contaminated DNA being obtained hence do it possible for us to be able to precipitate DNA only. Alcohol (95%ethanol) is used to precipitate DNA. SDS which stands for sodium dodecyl sulfate is a strong anionic detergent that can solubilize the proteins and lipids that form the membranes.This will helped the cell membranes and nuclear envelopes to break down and expose the chromosomes that contain the DNA. In addition to removing the membrane barriers, SDS helped release the DNA from histones and other DNA binding proteins by denaturing them (Barnum S. R 1998). Ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. When exposed to invisible light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA (Wiser M.F 2012). Molecular weight size is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel. These markers were composed of nucleic acids of different sizes. A few reasons you may n ot see bands on the gel after electrophoresis When preparing the gel for electrophoresis TBE buffer was used. This was done so that the temperature can be maintained and lubricate the electrolyte. Loading dye was added this helped weigh down the DNA so that it can sink into the bottom wells and not float in the buffer solution. According to Gupta P.K, 2006 loading dye moves quickly than the actual DNA parts so it is an indicator to when to turn off the power on the electrophoresis chamber. The dye also makes the DNA visible to the naked eye, giving it a purplish semblance and making it easier to work with. After Gel electrophoresis no bands of DNA were observed. This according Allison L. A (2012) aptitude scram been as a result of any of the following * DNA concentration might have been too low. * DNA sample is contaminated with RNA and Protein * DNA bands are too small and have run out of the gel The buffer system in which the gel is suspended is not doing its subcontract decr yly. The buffer might have to be made fresh. * The electrophoresis apparatus is not in the correct orientation (electrodes not connected to the right poles). The major drawback in the experiment was that our fellow colleagues were not able to isolate and purify their DNA. Also when working with DNA temperature regulations were not sometimes adhered to, it was sometimes left on the surface tables for coarse periods esp. when the samples were being analyzed in the spectrophotometer.Recommendations With proper teamwork and co-ordination among my fellow classmates much larger quantities of DNA could have been isolated and purified. The DNA should not be kept at room conditions for a long time. Conclusion The experiment was partly a success managed to isolate and purify DNA, analyzed it using a spectrophotometer. However bands of DNA could not be visualized after running the gel. References 1. Allison L. A. (2012). Fundamental Molecular Biology, second edition. Denvers. John Wiley and S ons Inc. 2. Barnum Susan.R, (1998), Biotechnology An introduction, juvenile Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. 3. Besty Tom and Keogh Jim, (2005), Microbiology demystified, New York MacGraw-Hill. 4. Cowan Majorie Kelly, (2009), Microbiology A Systems Approach, 3rd edition New York MacGraw-Hill. 5. Gupta, P. K. (2006). Elements of Biotechnology, Meerut. Rastogi Publications. 6. Stryer L, Berg J. M and John Tymozcko. (2006). Biochemistry. 5th edition. California. W. H Freeman and Company. 7. Wiser, M. F. (2002). Methods in cell biology. Berlin. Springer Verlog CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYName Tanyaradzwa R Ngara Reg Number C1110934J Course Recombinant DNA Technology Module Code CUBT 203 Program Biotechnology Level 21 Lecturer Dr Mlambo Practical Write-up DNA analysis